CAPITAL MARKET

CAPITAL MARKET

Capital market refers to the market where the financial institutions mobilize the savings of the people and lend them for long term period for raising new capital in the country.

Capital market instruments.

1-mortages

2-corporate bonds

3-state and local Govt bonds

4-Federally sponsored credit agencies securities.

5-Finance company bonds

6-commercial bank bonds

7-Corporate stock

Institutional sources of finance

1-insurance companies

2-pension funds

3-Building socities

4-Investment trusts

5- unit trusts

6- savings Banks

7-specialized Finance corporation

8-commercila Banks

9- The stock exchanges

Structur of market in Pakistan

1-stock marke

2- national investment trust

3-Investment corporation of Pakistan

4- Equity participation fund

5- Bankers equity limited

6-pakistan industrial credit investment corporation

7-National Development finance corporation

8- Agricultural Development  Bank of Pakistan

9- House Building finance corporation

10- cooperative Banks

11- Small business finance corporation

Tax Evasion

Tax Evasion

A report on tax plocy jointly compiled by the federal Board of Revenue
,world Bank and Andrew young school of public  policy Georgia statee
University reveals tax evasion of RS 796 billion in Pakistan during the year
2007-2008. The report also suggests various administrative and policy
measures to curb tax evasion and enhance the Government  Revenues.Tax
evasion is a global phenomenon. There is hardly any tax system in the world
immune of evasion.It is estimated that around 255 billion  US –dollars are
evaded  every year Globally. The USA being the largest economy according to
a report tax amounting  to 100 Billion US dollars evaded every year.China
which is the fastest growing economy in the world also faces  challenges of
tax evasion.It is estimated that around 30 billion yuans equal to 4.4
billion US dollars are lost due to tax evasion by the multinationals
operating in china.

Concept of history

Concept of history

It is a natural for human beings to desire to communicate to their Experience to others.This result in the narration or recording of events that they consider significant such events occur, in a definite context and order and there is a casual relation between one event and another.This relation however is to be considered  and understood.The appreciation of the significance of  events as they occur in a given context and the understanding  of the relationship between them constitute real history. Some enents are recommended and recorded while others are forgotten there are different ways in which they are recorded , of which history is only one chronology--- placing the events in a proper sequence  plays an important role in history when such events are related out of there proper context, they are no longer history  but merely legends.unfortunately  the neglect of historical ,principals was common in the sub continent in ancient past.

ALICO(Amercian life insurance company)

ALICO(Amercian life insurance company)

Amercian life insurance company incorporated in Delaware U.S.A. it is one of the largest international life insurance company in the world, with more than 258 billion US dollars of life insurance in force as of December 31-2005.Alico branches and subsidiaries market a wide range of life and health insurance products. There products include traditional life insurance variable universal life insurance, supplemental medical and personal accident products,health and hospitalization insurance Group life pension and annuities through a network of some 33000 agents.Alico does business globally in japan ,Europe middle east ,south asia, latin Amercia and the Caribbean in more yhan 50 countries.In 2006 Alico celebrates its 85th anniversary serving and providing financial security to policy owners gobally.Alico has achieved a unique position through experience gained in the international market.based upon this experience alico has cultivated the ability to respond quickly to changing customer needs,and market place conditions. It remains commotted to pursuing a strategy of customized products and distribution channels to meet the particular nad changing needs of customers in each country where alico operates.Alico is operating in the middle east and Africa and south asia since 1952 and maintains a leading presence in 14 territories across the region starting from Bangladesh 1952, Lebnon 1953, Saudi Arabia 1954,Kuwait 1954, Jorden 1958, Bahrain 1960, UAE 1962, Qatar 1962,Oman 1971 ,Turkey 1988, Pakistan 1994 Palestine 1996, Egypt 1997, Nepal 2001. Alico company with around 1400 professionla in the region and maintains a sales force of 13000 insurance agents. There are more than one million insured people in these regions as on December 310-2005

Study of Geography

Study of Geography

Geography provides a natural back Ground for the study of history of a country and its people.Man reacts to his environment and tries to gain control over the forces of nature.His gradual release from dependence upon nature and a simultaneous increase in his power to harness it to his advantage are the bases of human progress.The rate of progress is determined by mans technological competence and his ideology which shapes his life.Technical competence and its application are like shaped by the natural resources of a country,its climate and its situation. Thus the discussion of geographical factors affecting human life such as physical features climate and natural resources is a fitting introduction to the study of the history of a country.

Indo Pakistan Geographical background

Indo Pakistan Geographical background

Indo Pakistan subcontinent is a large peninsula situated in south Asia. It is characterized by the great geographical diversity. It has vast deserts like Rajasthan and thar, fertile regions like the Gangetic and Indus plains ,dense jungles and high mountains.
The Himalayan mountains guard the north and north eastern parts of the sub continent . The mighty Himalaya is divided into Indukush and sulaimans in the north west.The sulaiman range boarding present day Pakistan have five major passes.Of these Khyber pass has been most gateway to indo Pakistan sub- continent.Almost all the individuals like Aryans ,Mongols, Mahmud ghaznavi,Muhammad Ghauri,Timur, Babar and Ahmed shah abdali entered the sub –continent through this pass. Only Muhammad Bin qasim came through sindh and the Europen nations used the sea Route.The great Indian Ocean lies towards the south.But more or less the sea expances have served a barrier because the Indians have never been Excellent sea favers.

Indo Pakistan Historical Backgroud.

The Recorded history of indo Pakistan sub continent dates back to the period of dravadians and Aryans, Who flourished about 4000B.C. the arynas came from Europe round 4000 B.C to 2000 B.C. they came in waves.they entered the sub continent through the western passes and setteled in the northern parts of the the country by pushing the earlier settlers to the south.The Aryans had their own culture.they knew how to build their houses.their religion was simple because tey worshipped natural elements.then followed the heroic age marked by heroic battles among various Kings. The narrations of these wars has reached us through epic poems like the Ramayana and the Mahabharata.
The next important event eas the invasion of Alexander the Great in 326 B.C.

The MEGA UNIVERSITY Of Pakistan

The MEGA UNIVERSITY

The Allama iqbal open university was established in 1974 under an act of parliament. It is the second open university of the world and first of its kind in Asia and Africa.now there are more than sixty such universities providing distance education and it is among the top four mega universities of the world. The aim of establishing Allama iqbal open university is to provide affordable and accessible education through distance learning at the door steps to those people who cannot continue their studies through formal system of education.The university operates on semester system and admits students to autum and spring semesters.The enrolled students are given course books, audio,video cassettes, specially prepared by the university on self instructional principles.At the post graduate level reprints of foreign books, allied material,with the university guides are also provided to the students to polish their skills. At present allama iqbal open university is offering programmes from matric to the PH.D levels in various disciplines including physics, economics and chemistery also.The university has established studt centres across the country, where necessary guidance is being provided by their respective tutors.

Moreover the university has established full time study centres, where in the students of MBA(IT),MBA(Banking and Finance),Bachelor of science in computer science,Bachlor of engineering,masters in Economics and many more are given instructions guidance and counseling through face to face education.

For science students and research scholars a science complex has been built where they use latest equipments of international standared for conducting their research.

The allama iqbal open university is situated in Pakistan. Its main campus is in Islamabad.



Here is the list of top mega universities in the world.

1-Indra Gandhi National open university new delhi.

2-Allama iqbal open university Islamabad.

3-Islamic azad university Tehran.

4-Anadolu university Eskisehir Turkey.

5-Bangladesh National university Bangladesh.

6-University system of Ohio United staes.